Microbial Genetics

Daffodil International University Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Faculty of Health and Life Sciences B. Sc. (Hons.) in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Midterm Examination Fall 2026 Course Code: 0512-1207 Course Title: Microbial Genetics Level and Term: L-1, T-2 Section: 262 A Course Teacher Initials: DMI Time: 1 Hour 30 Minutes Total Marks: 25 Answer the following questions: Marks 1 (a) Define Microbial Genetics. Briefly explain its scope and applications in Biotechnology. [CLO1, PLO1, C1] 2.5 (b) Briefly describe the initiation and elongation stages of bacterial DNA replication with diagram. [CLO1, PLO1, C6] 2.5 2 (a) What is antibiotic resistance? Explain the causes of antibiotic resistance. [CLO2, PLO2, C2] 2.5 (b) Discuss the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. [CLO2, PLO2, C6] 2.5 3 (a) Differentiate between conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids. [CLO2, PLO2, C4] 2.5 (b) Define the ColE1 plasmid and describe its structural organization in detail with a labeled diagram. [CLO2, PLO2, C1] 2.5 4 (a) Describe the different stages of bacterial conjugation with a labeled diagram. [CLO3, PLO1, C6] 2.5 (b) Define tra operon and sex pili. Explain the major functions of sex pili in bacterial conjugation. [CLO3, PLO1, C2] 2.5 5 (a) What is bacterial transformation? Explain the major differences between natural and artificial transformation in bacteria. [CLO4, PLO3, C2] 2.5 (b) Discuss how foreign DNA is introduced into bacterial cells through heat-shock transformation. [CLO4, PLO3, C6] 2.5