Immunology

Daffodil International University Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Faculty of Health and Life Sciences B. Sc. (Hons.) in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Midterm Examination Fall 2026 Course Code: 0512-2207 Course Title: Immunology Level and Term: L2, T2 Course Teacher Initials: DNH Time: 1 Hour 30 minutes Total Marks: 25 Section: 252 (A+B) 1 (a) Define immunology and the immune system. Compare innate and adaptive immunity. 2 1 (b) What are soluble mediators of immunity? Briefly describe the important soluble mediators. 3 2 (a) How do phagocytic cells remove pathogens from the body? Describe the process. 3 2 (b) Explain how NK cells contribute to the immune response. 2 3 (a) What are polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs)? Describe how PMNs recognize and destroy bacteria/fungi. 3 3 (b) Define antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Name the professional and non-professional APCs. 2 4 (a) What is an antigen? Explain the non-covalent forces involved in antigen-antibody interactions. 3 4 (b) Briefly describe the applications of antigen-antibody reactions in biotechnology and medical diagnosis. 2 5 (a) Illustrate the structure of an antibody. State the major functions of antibodies. 2 5 (b) What are interferons? Explain how interferons help the body to fight against viral infection. 3